closing tag is in template navbar
timefactors watches



TZ-UK Fundraiser
Page 1 of 2 12 LastLast
Results 1 to 50 of 56

Thread: Horological Husbandry

  1. #1
    Grand Master learningtofly's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jul 2010
    Location
    Everywhere & nowhere, baby
    Posts
    37,574

    Horological Husbandry

    The end of December saw the completion of a project that required me to be office based for the preceding 15 months; not only office based, but in a pretty formal environment in the heart of the City. Over that period, and for reasons that are self-explanatory, my collection slowly but surely moved in a far more dressy direction than it had ever been before and I realised a week or two ago that a little “horological husbandry” was going to be required. In fact, I had more watches than I wanted, and as a consequence I’ve reduced the number from twelve to nine; I’ll probably move one or two others on during the next month or two as well.

    Anyway, I very recently traded my lovely Christian Van Der Klaauw, as it was unlikely to be worn very much in my more casual surroundings at home (and yes, I’m more than happy with the Grand Seiko that came the other way, as I can dress that up or down very easily). I also realised that my remaining divers were both vintage – a Sub and a Tuna – and that I had nothing modern in that style whatsoever. It’s not that I needed anything modern, obviously, but it seemed a bit daft as I’d really enjoyed the rather short ownership of a ceramic Sea Dweller. This feeling of a need for change was exacerbated by the fact that my GO Perpetual Calendar and JLC Master Calendar were so similar in terms of style and functions. Hmmm… what to do?

    Well, I knew that my GO wasn’t going anywhere – I’ve had that for the best part of two years now, and although I don’t wear it that often I do still get a real buzz every time I put it on. With that in mind, I started to resign myself to the notion that I may have to let the Master Calendar go; not an easy decision because it’s such a beautiful watch, but needs must (and it’s not as if they’re scarce, or never available with a discount). At the same time, I’d just completed a trade with young Ryan from these parts and – as we were already talking – thought I might as well broach the subject of another trade, one that might just work out very well for both of us. That’s just what I did, and consequently I’m drafting this post with a Blancpain Fifty Fathoms on my wrist as I type.

    Now, it’s two years in March since Tim and I enjoyed a really wonderful trip to the Blancpain manufacture in Switzerland. Aside from the fact that the company was so incredibly hospitable (they paid for the entire party’s flights, hotel accommodation and restaurants) it was quite an experience. The factory visit itself was like stepping back in time, precisely as I’d been hoping it would be. We were also in the heart of the Swiss watchmaking industry (the Vallée de Joux is, along with Neuchâtel, the birthplace of Swiss horology and it is still the home of the most famous Swiss watch manufactures such as Audemars Piguet, Patek Philippe, Vacheron Constantin, Jaeger-LeCoultre and Blancpain themselves) and it almost smelt of watchmaking history and craftsmanship. That aside, we also found ourselves hiking about two miles up a mountain one night in absolute darkness, with snowshoes on our feet and lamps strapped to our heads, to enjoy a delicious fondue dinner when we reached our destination. I’ll always remember the sight of Tim, sitting in the snow as his legs decided that they couldn’t go any further, muttering “Just give me a minute…”. All in all, a trip I’ll never forget, and there are some photos on my blog whih get reasonably close to capturing what Blancpain is all about that you can peruse here.

    Since that trip, I’d been looking at various Blancpain models, and ironically missed snapping up a Leman Complete Calendar Moonphase at a stupidly cheap price only this week. I missed it by a nanosecond, but had I bought it the JLC would probably have gone as a result and I doubt I’d be writing this post. I wasn’t yearning after a Fifty Fathoms, but knew what wonderful watches they are from some earlier reading and having tried one or two in the past. I remember well admiring Alex Banana’s from a GTG a few years ago, and more recently fell in love with Tim’s own in rose gold, which hit SC not that long ago. In other words, I was predisposed towards them in any event, particularly as a consequence of what is a real heritage that gives the FF a genuinely iconic status in the world of horology.

    To trace it back to it’s roots one has to travel back all the way to the early 1950’s – even before Rolex released the first iteration of the Submariner at 1954’s Basel Watch Fair. In 1952, the French "Nageuers de Combat" (combat swimmers) was formed by the French government as an elite team of tactical soldiers – effectively, they were France's early equivalent of the Navy Seals. Led by Captain Bob Maloubier, the mission of this elite group of frogmen was undersea intelligence gathering and acts of sabotage, such as attacks in sea ports or destruction of ships, all accomplished by teams of divers often working at night.

    Beyond their diving tanks, scuba regulators, masks, flippers and suits, Maloubier understood the importance of robust and reliable diving instruments, of which there were three: a compass, a depth metre and a diving watch. The watch was central to many of the key tasks confronting the divers. Of course the timing of the dive was an essential (it would not to do to over-stay the supply of oxygen). A second, and perhaps somewhat less obvious need was timing for navigation purposes. After running tests of the watches then available on the market, Maloubier concluded that none were up to the task. Thus, he decided to undertake the conception and design of a timing instrument that would target the needs of military combat diving.

    Maloubier drew up detailed specifications for his diving watch and farmed them out for bidding. Unfortunately, the reception from industry was decidedly cool, with one of the directors of the renowned LIP organisation even commenting that such a timepiece “would have no future”. Eventually, Maloubier convinced the relatively small manufacture of Blancpain to produce his watch, and it found it’s way to the French Navy via Spirotechnique (which, at the time, was the official supplier of all wears to the French armed forces). Maloubier describes his first meeting with Blancpain: “Finally a small watch company, Blancpain, agreed to develop our project which envisioned a watch with a black dial, bold large numerals and clear markings: triangles, circles, squares; a rotatable exterior bezel which repeated the markings of the dial. We wanted at the start of a dive to be able to set the bezel opposite the large minute hand in order to mark the time. We wanted each of the markings to shine like a star for a shepherd.”

    Blancpain fulfilled these needs and provided the first model of this very specific divers watch in 1953, the Blancpain “Fifty Fathoms”. Even at that time, it carried all the typical features of the more familiar models; a black dial with contrasting, self-luminous numbers and indexes, a notched bezel (unidirectional only for safety reasons) also in black with luminous numbers and indexes. In an era of small and dress watches, the round case of the first edition measured 42mm, with long and relatively massive lugs. The watch was designed to be waterproof up to a depth of 50 fathoms, which of course led to it’s name; this British measure corresponds to a depth of 91.45 meters, which was, at that time, considered as the maximum depth that divers could safely reach with a one-time use oxygen mixture. This high water-resistance (by 1953 standards) was achieved by using a screwed caseback and a newly developed crown with a double O-ring gasket. A screwed crown was not permitted because of an existing patent. As the Blancpain Fifty Fathoms relied on an automatic and antimagnetic movement, the need of pulling out the crown was considerably reduced, with no need to wind the watch every day in any event.

    Here is is…



    And here’s one being worn by Maloubier himself…



    From the early 50s through the 70s, more than 20 different models of the Fifty Fathoms were produced, including one that was on the wrist of Jacques Cousteau in the 1956 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or winning "The Silent World". Beyond the French diving units the Fifty Fathoms was also adopted by the Israeli, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, and most famously, American fighting forces. When the Americans were looking for a dive watch, there was a resolute "Buy American" policy for all units - so no watch with "Blancpain" on the dial would ever pass muster. So, an American company named Tornek-Rayville took the Fifty Fathoms and rebranded it - they may or may not have replaced the Swiss jewels with American jewels for good measure. About 1000 Tornek-Rayville Fifty Fathoms were produced, and most were destroyed by the Navy at the end of the commission, so they are indeed very hard to find.

    What a genuinely fantastic heritage. For a while it looked like it was in jeopardy, as Blancpain ceased production for three years in the early eighties. However, a man named Jean-Claude Biver purchased the brand which is now part of the Swatch Group, sharing it’s premises with sister company Frédéric Piguet. In 1997, Blancpain reintroduced the Fifty Fathoms and there have now been some fifty variations to date, many of which were never intended for consumer use. So, then, to the watch that I’m wearing; at 45mm it’s no wallflower, but with quite short, curved lugs (they’re almost stubby when viewed side-on) it’s very wearable for it’s size. In fact, the effect is not unlike that of the Tuna, which on paper seems massive but actually fits all but the smallest of wrists). The most striking feature, though, is the sapphire bezel, with it’s gentle curves and fully lumed numerals and markers. It looks luxurious, but it’s actually quite hardy and seemingly pretty difficult to mark.

    The dial is stepped, and has a deep black gloss that befits the bezel and, again, oozes quality. The manufacture and model text is small and subtle, the eye being drawn instead to the bold mix of Arabic numerals and pointed indices on the dial. The side of the case bears the Blancpain name, and all of this is set off to perfection by the wonderfully pliable and comfortable sailcloth strap. All in all, it’s a wonderfully comfortable watch that looks like the ultimate diver… which, perhaps, it is.

    Inside the wonderful case is the in-house 1315 Calibre. It has a bidirectional rotor that provides energy to 3 barrels and thus gives the watch 5 days of power reserve. It also features a free sprung balance wheel, less sensitive to vibrations and shocks. The Calibre 1315 comes with large rubies, inserted directly in the bridges and plates, as well as a classical finishing with bevelled angles on the bridges, perlage of the plates and circular stripes. In the tradition of the historic “Fifty Fathoms”, the Calibre 1315 is surrounded with antimagnetic protection. The spec in summary is as follows:

    Self-winding automatic movement
    120 hours power reserve
    36.60mm diameter
    5.65mm thickness
    25 jewels
    3 mainspring barrels
    Glucydur free sprung balance with gold regulation screws
    227 components

    In addition, the movement features a date mechanism that has a fail-safe design, and which not allows setting at any time but also enables it to be both advanced and/or retarded.

    All in all, then, a truly wonderful watch that, in terms of my initial perception, far exceeds my already high expectations. All I can add to the very long preamble is the customary set of photos, and an apology if I’ve bored you unduly!















    Last edited by learningtofly; 24th January 2015 at 15:31.

  2. #2
    Craftsman Eamonn345's Avatar
    Join Date
    Dec 2013
    Location
    London
    Posts
    720
    Fantastic write up. Enjoy your new timepiece.

  3. #3
    Master mickylall's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jan 2009
    Location
    ..
    Posts
    2,768
    Blog Entries
    1
    Great write up Tony and photos are up to usual standard, enjoyed that

  4. #4
    Master MFB Scotland's Avatar
    Join Date
    Mar 2011
    Location
    Ayrshire
    Posts
    6,032
    Blog Entries
    1
    Fantastic post. A 50 Fathoms is one of my grails but I have never had the opportunity to try one on. Tony my wrist is circa 6.75" …how does it wear ?

  5. #5
    Grand Master learningtofly's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jul 2010
    Location
    Everywhere & nowhere, baby
    Posts
    37,574
    Thanks guys.

    Quote Originally Posted by MFB Scotland View Post
    Fantastic post. A 50 Fathoms is one of my grails but I have never had the opportunity to try one on. Tony my wrist is circa 6.75" …how does it wear ?
    Well, I have space beyond the lugs on both sides, so it's fine. Surprisingly so, actually.

  6. #6
    Master MFB Scotland's Avatar
    Join Date
    Mar 2011
    Location
    Ayrshire
    Posts
    6,032
    Blog Entries
    1
    Quote Originally Posted by learningtofly View Post
    Thanks guys.



    Well, I have space beyond the lugs on both sides, so it's fine. Surprisingly so, actually.
    Looks good on you. Perhaps one day :)

  7. #7
    Craftsman
    Join Date
    Dec 2012
    Location
    Black Country
    Posts
    255
    Great write up and very informative too. An absolute stone wall classic watch. Enjoy wearing it.

  8. #8
    Master Top Cat's Avatar
    Join Date
    Nov 2010
    Location
    Reading
    Posts
    2,362
    About time you picked up a FF Tony, I always thought you would love it when you got one on your wrist! If you are planning on keeping it I recommend ordering the short sail cloth strap, it is perfect for the slimmer wristed amongst us and seems to have the perfect hole spacing to get a great fit without the spare inch of strap to tuck in.

  9. #9
    Journeyman
    Join Date
    Jan 2011
    Location
    Staffordshire
    Posts
    201
    Fantastic write-up and photos! Many Thanks

  10. #10
    Master DB9yeti's Avatar
    Join Date
    Sep 2013
    Location
    London, UK
    Posts
    8,264
    Terrific post and a cracking watch - I must admit I thought about it very seriously after selling my FF Calendar last year. The quality is superb and I love the lumed bezel.

    Enjoy :)

  11. #11
    Craftsman
    Join Date
    Nov 2013
    Location
    London
    Posts
    359
    A great write up and fabulous watch. Congratulations.

    Also your photography is really exemplary - truly stunning

    Cheers

  12. #12
    Great write up and lovely pictures of a truly beautiful watch.
    Have a pic here of mine in the LTF mode

  13. #13
    Master TakesALickin's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jun 2010
    Location
    Indianapolis, USA
    Posts
    2,343
    Quote Originally Posted by learningtofly View Post
    ...and an apology if I’ve bored you unduly!
    Nothing boring at all about a post that well written, and, as usual, accompanied by great "eye candy" photos! Thanks, Tony!

  14. #14
    Apprentice
    Join Date
    Dec 2014
    Location
    Stockholm, Sweden
    Posts
    19
    Great post. I Love the BP FF!

  15. #15
    Jesus Tony, that's some post. Very very interesting. Thanks for all the history of it.

    Its a beautiful watch, I tried one on before and it just wasn't for me... unfortunately. :-(

  16. #16
    Master
    Join Date
    Jan 2013
    Location
    Lincolnshire (UK)
    Posts
    1,488
    Great post - very informative thanks.

    And the FF is a watch i have always admired. Must try one :)

    - - - Updated - - -

    Great post - very informative thanks.

    And the FF is a watch i have always admired. Must try one :)

  17. #17
    Master westy's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jan 2006
    Location
    Stafford
    Posts
    3,089
    Thanks for taking the time to type all that up and post those lovely pics too.

  18. #18
    Grand Master ryanb741's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jun 2008
    Location
    London
    Posts
    19,772
    Glad you are happy with it Tony - loving the JLC that arrived today too :)

    You mention in your opening post you may be moving one or two more on in the next month or two - bagsy the Moser ;)

  19. #19
    Master Thorien's Avatar
    Join Date
    Aug 2012
    Location
    Herts
    Posts
    3,255
    Inky, buttery smooth black loveliness.
    Always admired the FF, doubt I'll ever own one but hopefully may see yours one day (If you keep it long enough!)

  20. #20
    Master mr noble's Avatar
    Join Date
    Mar 2009
    Location
    Cambs
    Posts
    4,671
    Top scribing and an ace watch

  21. #21
    Congratulations Tony

    The FF is a true diving classic.

    Though, maybe the 40mm for my smaller 6 ¾ inch wrist.

    I would prefer it over a Sub!!

    And the lume is totally awesome.
    Last edited by Topcat30093; 23rd January 2015 at 00:16. Reason: Added a piece

  22. #22
    Master Wolfie's Avatar
    Join Date
    May 2013
    Location
    Leicester
    Posts
    7,110
    Blog Entries
    1
    Tidy... :

    I did try and read the whole post, must admit skipping to the pics after a couple minutes! Nice write up too (from what I read!!!)

  23. #23
    Craftsman Ozzyblackbeard's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jan 2010
    Location
    Belfast, N.I.
    Posts
    558
    Really enjoyed your write up and pictures, thanks for taking the time to go into so much detail and background research. Posts like this are the reason I joined this forum, please continue to educate and inform as time allows.

    Thanks for sharing, and the pictures are ace as usual.

  24. #24
    Banned
    Join Date
    Sep 2014
    Location
    United Kingdom
    Posts
    237
    It's a lovely looking watch - very nice

  25. #25
    Love it. I was looking at the one in SC the other day, doing the sums and seriously considering selling off my entire collection and using the proceeds to get one of these as a one watch collection.

  26. #26
    I know they are great watches, and steeped in history, but I still can't get over they look like a Timex I had as a child. And I think the fat 'bubble' like bezel that to my eyes makes it look like a Fisher-Price 'my first diver's watch'

  27. #27
    Grand Master
    Join Date
    Jan 2007
    Location
    sussex uk
    Posts
    15,483
    Blog Entries
    1
    Very very good write up tony!!!, thoroughly enjoyed reading it!!

    regards

    mike

  28. #28
    Master Mr Stoat's Avatar
    Join Date
    Apr 2010
    Location
    Surrey
    Posts
    3,830
    Very nice Tony, I love mine and find it's a great everyday wearer as the short lugs stop his from being a monster on the wrist.

    The only thing I'm not so keen on is the sail cloth strap - they look great, but seem to wear / stretch round the holes where the tang buckle sits. When I came to purchase a new strap I was a tad gobsmacked at the price given it's not made out of any sort of exotic leather ... but that paled into insignificance compared to the price of the screw in bars that are all to easy to thread strip when changing the strap over

  29. #29
    Grand Master Daddelvirks's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jul 2007
    Location
    Leiden- Netherlands
    Posts
    39,923
    Blog Entries
    1
    My employer will thank you as well Tony...........:)

    Fair bit of reading, but very interesting non the less.

    My only comment would be that I'm unsure about the 45mm in what is otherwise a great looking watch.

    Shouldn't they have gone with a more "middle of the road" 42mm?

    Anyway, enjoy your new found love.

    Daddel.
    Got a new watch, divers watch it is, had to drown the bastard to get it!

  30. #30
    Craftsman
    Join Date
    Mar 2010
    Location
    Winchester
    Posts
    369
    ^ what size was the original I wonder?

    it's an exquisite watch but some how it doesn't quite capture the spirit of the original for me.

  31. #31
    Craftsman Packer's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jul 2014
    Location
    United Kingdom
    Posts
    353
    This was a very interesting read. Thanks for the history lesson!

  32. #32
    Master
    Join Date
    Jul 2013
    Location
    West Berkshire
    Posts
    1,187
    brilliant write up and something else that has just move up a few spots on the want list. had my eye on one for a while amongst a few other pieces but really love the simple design and the way they have brought it up to date without going over the top.

    great piece (watch & post)

  33. #33
    Grand Master learningtofly's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jul 2010
    Location
    Everywhere & nowhere, baby
    Posts
    37,574
    Thanks for the comments, everyone.

    Quote Originally Posted by RAJEN View Post
    Great write up and lovely pictures of a truly beautiful watch.
    Have a pic here of mine in the LTF mode
    Blimey - what a trio. Is that the 40mm LE on the left?

    Quote Originally Posted by ryanb741 View Post
    Glad you are happy with it Tony - loving the JLC that arrived today too :)

    You mention in your opening post you may be moving one or two more on in the next month or two - bagsy the Moser ;)
    Hmmm... you may be unlucky there, Ryan.

    Quote Originally Posted by Topcat30093 View Post
    Congratulations Tony

    The FF is a true diving classic.

    Though, maybe the 40mm for my smaller 6 ¾ inch wrist.

    I would prefer it over a Sub!!

    And the lume is totally awesome.
    Good luck finding one of those - there were only 150 made!

    Quote Originally Posted by Mr Stoat View Post
    Very nice Tony, I love mine and find it's a great everyday wearer as the short lugs stop his from being a monster on the wrist.

    The only thing I'm not so keen on is the sail cloth strap - they look great, but seem to wear / stretch round the holes where the tang buckle sits. When I came to purchase a new strap I was a tad gobsmacked at the price given it's not made out of any sort of exotic leather ... but that paled into insignificance compared to the price of the screw in bars that are all to easy to thread strip when changing the strap over
    I was actually hoping to buy a Brady sailcloth and preserve the original strap, but I can't see that they make a 23mm. Anyone know of an alternative source?

    Quote Originally Posted by Daddelvirks View Post
    My employer will thank you as well Tony...........:)

    Fair bit of reading, but very interesting non the less.

    My only comment would be that I'm unsure about the 45mm in what is otherwise a great looking watch.

    Shouldn't they have gone with a more "middle of the road" 42mm?

    Anyway, enjoy your new found love.

    Daddel.
    Well, the original was 42mm and - for me - it would be a better size. On the wrist, though, it really does have a Tune-like wearability due to the short lugs; I'm not suggesting it's a small watch, though.

  34. #34
    Lovely watch and nice pictures and write up as usual. I do like the blancpain divers. Also a big fan of the bathyscaphe.

  35. #35
    Master DB9yeti's Avatar
    Join Date
    Sep 2013
    Location
    London, UK
    Posts
    8,264
    Quote Originally Posted by learningtofly View Post
    I was actually hoping to buy a Brady sailcloth and preserve the original strap, but I can't see that they make a 23mm. Anyone know of an alternative source?
    Tony, I have an unused Brady 24mm sailcloth send me your address and I'll pop it in the post to you. No longer have the watch so don't need it!

  36. #36
    Master Dr Wolff's Avatar
    Join Date
    Nov 2014
    Location
    United Kingdom
    Posts
    1,431
    Lovely watch and great review

    Q. Are all the FFs embossed on the side of the casing?

  37. #37
    So a 5 day reserve on a auto... very nice !

  38. #38
    Master jools's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jan 2007
    Location
    Île de Merde
    Posts
    4,908
    Top watch, top write-up, thanks! Interesting point about the directly inserted rubies, I've always swallowed the publicity that tells you chatons are superior. I wonder what the truth is.

  39. #39
    Master
    Join Date
    May 2013
    Location
    UK
    Posts
    5,672
    Quote Originally Posted by learningtofly View Post
    Good luck finding one of those - there were only 150 made!
    https://www.chrono24.com/en/blancpai...-id3104236.htm


    BTW, nice trade Tony – probably more you than the CvdK was, even though it was rather tasty.

  40. #40
    Yes, Tony. It is indded the 40.5mm Fiftieth anniversary LE on the left.

  41. #41
    Master
    Join Date
    Aug 2013
    Location
    Plymouth, UK
    Posts
    1,400
    Must be the most beautiful divers watch ever made.

  42. #42
    Master DB9yeti's Avatar
    Join Date
    Sep 2013
    Location
    London, UK
    Posts
    8,264
    Quote Originally Posted by Dr Wolff View Post
    Lovely watch and great review

    Q. Are all the FFs embossed on the side of the casing?
    I believe they are, my Chrono and Complete Calendar both were.

  43. #43
    Apprentice
    Join Date
    Dec 2014
    Location
    Stockholm, Sweden
    Posts
    19
    Here are my BP FF
    The LE

    and the concept 2000

  44. #44
    Master
    Join Date
    Oct 2006
    Location
    London
    Posts
    1,830
    Lovely write-up and like so many on here, I love the quality of the pics.

  45. #45
    I love that raised bezel on the concept 2000 !!

  46. #46
    Grand Master Carlton-Browne's Avatar
    Join Date
    Dec 2008
    Location
    Berlin, London and sometimes Dublin
    Posts
    14,933
    Tony, you really should apply to Lettres du Brassus to see if they have any vacancies on the editorial staff - explain that you can save them money as they can let one of their staff photographers go too. If nothing else, make sure that you register for L du B on their website; I can't remember how many times they publish it but I look forward to it hitting my pigeon hole when it does. Great post.

    http://www.blancpain.com/en/lettres-du-brassus

  47. #47
    Grand Master learningtofly's Avatar
    Join Date
    Jul 2010
    Location
    Everywhere & nowhere, baby
    Posts
    37,574
    Thanks very much

    Quote Originally Posted by Carlton-Browne View Post
    Tony, you really should apply to Lettres du Brassus to see if they have any vacancies on the editorial staff - explain that you can save them money as they can let one of their staff photographers go too. If nothing else, make sure that you register for L du B on their website; I can't remember how many times they publish it but I look forward to it hitting my pigeon hole when it does. Great post.

    http://www.blancpain.com/en/lettres-du-brassus
    You sweet-talker (I've subscribed, thanks!)

  48. #48
    Grand Master Andyg's Avatar
    Join Date
    Oct 2008
    Location
    Wiltshire
    Posts
    24,924
    A few rubbish photos of my 1954/55 BPFF.










    Nice write up by the way.

  49. #49
    Two FF LE's on the same thread :) I miss mine, a lot :(
    It's just a matter of time...

  50. #50
    Craftsman
    Join Date
    Jan 2015
    Location
    Glasgow
    Posts
    913
    As a relatively new member not overl familiar with the history of blancpain I found that fascinating.
    Thanks for sharing

Posting Permissions

  • You may not post new threads
  • You may not post replies
  • You may not post attachments
  • You may not edit your posts
  •  

Do Not Sell My Personal Information